Not only was Canada’s war effort in World War II far more extensive than that in World War I, but it also had a much more lasting impact on Canadian society. For the most part, Canadian soldiers employed British weapons and equipment according to British doctrine. It is notable, however, that specialist infantrymen such as scouts and snipers continued to use the Ross throughout the war as they valued its accuracy.[3]. The Canadian experience, compared to the British, was unique with respect to the Ross rifle. Notwithstanding Canada’s limited research efforts at home, elements of the military forces overseas were active technological practitioners and innovators, in combat and along the lines of communication. Twining, Notes for Army Commander Regarding Question of Canadian Railway Organization, 15 August 1917, File E-82-3, Volume 941, Series IIIB1, RG 9. VAC The Canadian Corps largely employed the battlefield technology and doctrine of the British Expeditionary Force. The Imperial Munitions Board, a branch of the British Ministry of Munitions, supplanted the Shell Committee for the remainder of the war, taking responsibility for war contracts, and even coordinating production in state-owned plants. [24], In 1916 and 1917, the Composite Pioneer Company was reorganized as the scope for light railways expanded but its unofficial status continued. This video was made for a school project. Kids learn about the technology of World War II including new tanks, aircraft carriers, submarines, radar, flying bombs, rockets, the atom bomb, secret codes, and communications. After ongoing difficulties filling ammunition orders from Britain, the Canadian government dissolved the Shell Committee, its federal purchasing agency, in late 1915. [5] In early 1918 the brigade saw heavy defensive action during the German spring offensives. Haig to Secretery, War Office, 24 September 1917; War Office to Haig, 9 October, 1917, File E-82-3, Volume 941, Series IIIB1, RG 9. Indeed, when the tank made its debut in September 1916, the 2nd Canadian Division was allotted six machines for the attack at Courcelette. Maclean, Murray: Farming and Forestry on the Western Front, 1915-1919. Without the tramway, the job normally required 120 men. Canada was a great centre of wartime research. Canada’s role in the Second World War. Ramsey’s troops worked on a range of projects in France, Belgium, and Britain, including broad gauge construction for the Ministry of Munitions around Newcastle factories. / McDill, W.A. It identified areas where Canada appears to be comparatively weak or declining in science and technology capacity. [23], The Canadian Corps was an early user of light railways. A simple and secure way to do business online with 97-98. With modern airplanes, for the first time battles were fought entirely in the air. In 1914, British troops went to war with the excellent Short Magazine Lee Enfield. VAC to receive services. As well, he developed an anti-roll stabilizer for an anti-submarine weapon. This publication is available upon request in alternate formats. It is interesting to note that many of the Canadians who made such important contributions to the scientific war effort were generally quite young. Early on, Canada had established specialized electronics training initiatives to meet the need for s… Ionospheric sounding stations, installed during the war to help predict optimum frequencies for long distance communications and for direction finding against enemy submarines, led directly to the development after the war of the Alouette satellite, Canada's entry into satellite technology. At one stage of the war, the National Research Council built and installed submarine detection radar in the St. Lawrence River in just seven days. Avery, Donald H.: The Science of War: Canadian Scientists and Allied Military Technology during the Second World War, Toronto 1998, p. 16. 1-800-567-5803. Canadian companies turned out more than a dozen types of artillery ammunition, plus an assortment of fuses, primers, explosives and propellants. As of 1917, Canadian infantry platoons included a section of specialist hand grenadiers (bombers) and rifle grenadiers. The nature of Canada’s technological role was in part determined by a pre-war economy based on natural resource extraction and railway construction. In February 1916, the British Colonial Secretary invited Canada to form a military unit of experienced lumbermen for service in the United Kingdom (and later in France). It is evident that Canadian youth, when they put their mind to it, can work wonders. The National Research Council pioneered the use of nylon for parachutes. The WWII era housed a great many changes which affected weaponry, logistical support, communications and intelligence, … The demands of war inspired the production of new substances and materials such as the antibiotic penicillin, the insecticide DDT, and synthetic rubber. [9] Later in the war, mortars were indeed fired from Canadian motor lorries, such as at Beaucourt Wood during the Battle of Amiens.[10]. Later that year, the Canadians formed the 2nd Canadian Motor Machine Gun Brigade and the two brigades, along with cavalry, cyclists, trench mortar sections and an artillery battery, comprised the Canadian Independent Force. Ipswich 2004, p. 98. Extensive research on magnetism was conducted to learn how to degauss (or demagnetize) the hulls of ships to protect them from some types of mines and to detect submerged submarines. Scientific and technological progress served both sides in WWII. In any case, only a handful of Canadians were undertaking scientific research at the time, perhaps not more than fifty according to one estimate.[2]. Although heavy and prone to jamming these were useful defensive weapons during the Second Battle of Ypres. Facebook; Instagram; Twitter; Museum . As well, it invites Canadians to become involved in remembrance activities that will help preserve their legacy for future generations. They were willing to spend money on new products. The research and discoveries made during this pivotal time in history still live on in much of the technology we use daily. Brigadier-General Raymond Brutinel (1872-1964), a French immigrant, was the best-known authority on machine guns in the Canadian forces. But, like other soldiers on the Western Front, Canadians used technology reactively, to adapt to operational challenges. 2. More recent inventions, such as the Lewis light machine gun, assumed greater importance. Science and math also know no morality. Rawling, Bill: Communications in the Canadian Corps, 1915-1918: Wartime Technological Progress Revisited, in: Canadian Military History 3/2 (1994), p. 13. Some biological weapons testing may have occurred alongside chemical weapons testing at Canadian Forces Base Suffield in Alberta. Although total casualties were lower than in the previous war, still some 42,000 were killed or died in service, and 54,400 were wounded. [29] In 1918, the units of the Canadian Railway Troops boasted an establishment of some 15,000 men.[30]. The discussion is limited to the Canadian overseas forces (and related activities in Canada). The war was a battle of scientific minds as well as of bullets and bombs and the wartime research programs came up with many important developments to help give the Allies an advantage in the struggle. [1] It was not until late 1916 that Sir George Foster (1847-1931), Minister for Trade and Commerce, presented the cabinet of Prime Minister Robert Borden (1854-1937) with a list of members who were to comprise the Honorary Advisory Council on Scientific and Industrial Research (the forerunner of the National Research Council). The VAC Brigadier-General, Canadian Engineers, Canadian Corps to 1st Canadian Division, 5 April 1917, Folder 49, File 7, Volume 3971, Series IIIC1, RG 9. [17], There were no Canadian tank units on the Western Front. Learn about scientific research on health, the environment and space, and access programs and services that support business innovation. For example, as the Canadian Corps counterbattery staff officer in 1917, Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew McNaughton (1887-1966), an engineering professor at McGill University in civil life, employed the principles of “scientific gunnery” to improve the effect of counterbattery fire and artillery support more generally. For instance, the automobile became a fixture of everyday American life. Scientific gunnery involved the use of flash-spotting and sound-ranging to determine the location of enemy gun positions and also accounted for meteorological conditions and barrel wear when engaging targets. Public transportation and rail spread into cities and linked the country together, and enabled people to… Whenever you heat food in a microwave oven or use washer fluid to clear off a car windshield, to name just two examples, you can credit the groundbreaking work done by Canadian scientists during the Second World War. The Canadians formed the Canadian Corps Gas Services in May 1916 with a mandate to develop preventative measures and instill anti-gas discipline. Motor lorries burned large volumes of scarce fuel, destroyed delicate roadways and required constant repair. Still, Canadian soldiers were active innovators. Includes how to fund, finance or partner ongoing research, protect intellectual property, and find Government of Canada scientists or datasets. In terms of raw technology, WWI did not have the likes of things like tracking systems and so on. Elements of the 224th were at work in Britain by the second week of May 1916. Learn about scientific research on health, the environment and space, and access programs and services that support business innovation. National experiments in military procurement, such as the Ross rifle, proved short lived. The final report of the Committee on Science and Technology in Canada described the strength of the principal building blocks of Canada’s science and technology system. In the summer of 1915, the Canadian Overseas Railway Construction Corps arrived in France to assist the British forces with broad gauge railway construction. The National Research Council (NRC), created during World War I to advise the government on industrial research, grew exponentially as did Canadian war industries. Rawling, Bill: Surviving Trench Warfare: Technology and the Canadian Corps, 1914-1918, Toronto 2014, pp. DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.10593. The Canada Remembers Program of Veterans Affairs Canada encourages all Canadians to learn about the sacrifices and achievements made by those who have served—and continue to serve—during times of war and peace. It is available In 1915 for example, the VI Corps operated a 1,200-yard trench tramway that terminated within 300 yards of the firing line. Toll-free: 1-866-522-2122 The Science and Technology of WWII provides students and teachers with lesson plans, timelines, essays, images, and learning activities about the scientific and technological developments that took place during WWII. Canada Science and Technology Museum 1867 St Laurent Blvd Ottawa ON K1G 5A3 Canada. While steam and petrol-electric engines provided traction for heavier cars, men or animals pulled smaller cars along trench tracks that ran directly into the battlefield. The domestic war effort was no less significant. This company had neither an official establishment nor any formal authorization from British General Headquarters; its 240 soldiers – mostly experienced railway workers – were borrowed from each of the three extant Canadian pioneer companies on a semi-permanent basis. In the meantime, manufacturers imported better machinery and instruments. [25] What had changed was the volume of light railway traffic operating in British sectors. Overseas), 4-6, File GAQ 10-6, Volume 1837, RG 24, Library and Archives Canada. Infantry weapons in Canadian (and British) service did not witness significant technological change during the war. The Second World War was a conflict that saw a great deal of scientific and technical innovation. Annual ammunition output increased from 5.3 million shells in 1915 to 23.7 million in 1917. Still, communications between infantry units and their headquarters routinely failed when offensives were in progress, leaving commanders uncertain when or where to direct reserves or artillery support.[21]. 1-866-442-4416. contact@IngeniumCanada.org. With submarines came the need to locate underwater vessels. This research would pay dividends after the war as a means to detect bodies of ore from the air for mining purposes. Canadian researchers carried out studies on seasickness and motion sickness. Have you ever watched a cartoon snowball roll down a hill? There were fewer precedents to draw from in tactical or operational terms. Stevenson, David: Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy, New York 2004, p. 190. [8], Mortars experienced a renaissance during the First World War as their high angles of fire were ideally suited to trench warfare. 522-24. Iarocci, Andrew: Science and Technology (Canada) , in: 1914-1918-online. Elements of the 4th Canadian Division, for example, launched an ill-conceived gas raid at Vimy Ridge in March 1917, suffering a 43 percent casualty rate on the eve of the Arras offensive.[15]. Even the best tanks of 1917 and 1918 were mechanically unreliable and highly vulnerable to direct fire from German artillery. Some older weapons, such as mortars, were resurrected for static warfare. Although a completely synthetic rubber was still not developed by war's end, a fully satisfactory product was in production that was 90% made from wheat derivatives. This invention is credited with saving many ships from torpedo attacks. The Allied war effort demanded enormous volumes of wood products. “Operations of Canadian MG Corps, 1918,” 13-16, Folder 56, File 5, Volume 3893, Series IIIC1, RG 9, Library and Archives Canada. Veterans Affairs Canada. Eggleston, Wilfrid: National Research in Canada: The NRC, 1916-1966, Toronto 1978, pp. Our Science and Technology Heritage gallery for the National Science Centre in Delhi; A brief introduction to technological brilliance of Ancient India (Indian Institute of Scientific Heritage) Science and Technology in Ancient India; India: Science and technology, U.S. Library of Congress. Canada provided some 9,000 radar sets (worth hundreds of millions of dollars) to the Allies. Canada’s involvement in pure scientific research – military or otherwise – during the First World War was limited. To better prepare your students for their National WWII Museum virtual field trip, share with them the enclosed Science & Technology of WWII Essay, Word Search, and Vocabulary List. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Divisions, which subsequently arrived overseas, continued to use the Ross until August-September 1916. In many ways, the advancement of The weapon generated intense controversy after the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915 during which many soldiers lost confidence in it. During World War II, Canada conducted research on biological warfare, studying the offensive and defensive applications of anthrax, rinderpest, and probablytularemiaat Grosse Ile Island. Best of the University of Toronto. Hot Topics . How World War II Improved Canadian Technology Throughout history, many events have affected the world’s technology increase, but no event in history has ever affected the change in our technology and economy as much as World War II. Toll-free: In Britain there was the Ten Year Rule (adapted in August 1919), which declared the government should not expect another war within ten years. Canadian troops, however, operated periodically with British armor. It was comprised of a long pole with a metal hook fitted on one end. The National Research Council, the Armed Forces, and various Crown corporations undertook research in weapons, atomic energy, radar, nutrition, medicine, and other areas which both helped win the battle and improved the life and well-being of people in the years that followed. Assistance Service, Science and Technology in the Second World War. In 1916, “creeping” barrages protected infantry as they advanced across no-man’s land toward their objectives. It does not consider Canadian involvement in foreign armed services, such as the Royal Flying Corps or the Royal Naval Air Service, or Canadians serving in the Royal Navy or Royal Canadian Navy. PDF Version. During the 1920s, ideas and inventions on which scientists and engineers had been working for years came out of the developmental stage and entered people's lives for the first time. The pace of scientific discovery in the 1940s was staggering. “Bomb and Grenades,” Folder 3, File 4, Volume 4099, Series IIIC3, RG 9. Thirty-six men and a train of six cars could, in a return trip of eighty minutes, carry sufficient rations, water and mail for a whole battalion. In the British Empire’s forces, the role of gas evolved when artillery and mortar shells were loaded with gas in early 1917, making it possible to deliver concentrations more suddenly and accurately than canister attacks. Overworked horses fell ill and made conspicuous targets for enemy guns. Plan a trip to the Canadian War Museum to view their largest and most visited gallery which studies the Second World War. Canada has remained at the forefront of technology as a user of technologies developed elsewhere, but also as a developer and manufacturer of advanced high-tech items. 3-4, 7. Although signallers went to war with serviceable telephones, the wires were easily cut by artillery fire. Hayes, Geoffrey / Bechthold, Michael / Iarocci, Andrew (eds. 613-991-3044. [18], The impact of tanks on later Canadian operations, such as the Battle of Amiens, was arguably much greater, but never decisive. A tight bond was formed between the two. Canadian scientists overcame the problems which had stood in the way of mass production of the life-saving drug. Canada’s status as a British Dominion shaped its wartime technological experience. artillery; logistics; manufacturing; railways; small arms, Canadian forestry troops at work in France, Canadian Railway Troops outside the Canadian Corps, Forestry Operations in Britain and France. As a consequence of Canada’s national expertise in railway building, various railway units were raised for overseas service outside of the Canadian Corps. 5th Canadian Division Artillery to Canadian Corps, 12 August 1918, Folder 36, File 1, Volume 3910, Series IIIC1, RG 9. This research led to the development of drugs to help cope with these ailments. Canadian companies and scientists played a leading role in the development of synthetic rubber. “Notes and some lessons from the experiences gained during the Operations, August 8th to 12th, on the Somme,” Advanced HQ, Tanks Corps, 15 August 1918, Folder 85, File 7, Volume 3859, Series IIIC1, RG 9. By the end of June the inquiry was complete.² Twenty-two Canadians, including seven scientists, … Traitor or Patriot (film) Watch this feature-length documentary about Adélard Godbout, Premier of Quebec during the Second World War. New forms of transportation spread like wildfire across Canada, with the new automobile and plane exploding in popularity. Assistance Service can provide you with psychological support. You can see this materialism in the Eaton’s Catalogue; there were a variety of different televisions and radios available in different colors and designs. The service is for Veterans, former RCMP members, their We had difficulties to say some words and the video is not perfect and we know it . At Amiens, for example, it was not always clear if the tanks were to support the infantry, or vice versa. It was not until late 1916 that Sir George Foster (1847-1931), Minister for Trade and Commerce, presented the cabinet of Prime Minister Robert Borden (1854-1937) with a list of members who were to comprise the Honorary Advisory Council on Scientific a… In: The Canadian Military Gazette, XXXV/16 (August 1920), p. 3. As the war progressed, vast improvements were made in the fields of communication, … Sir Sam Hughes (1853-1921), Minister of Militia and Defence, and a tireless advocate for domestic arms manufacturing, vigorously defended the rifle. The German army had employed gas shells in 1916 but British production was delayed by a poorly organized research effort. These helped solve some of the problems of food transportation and led to the development of some of the powdered and condensed foods still in use today. That same day the Royal Commission on Espionage, headed by Supreme Court judges R.L. Our country's great efforts in the Second World War involved virtually the whole country whether by serving in the military or by serving on the home front in industry or agriculture. Cook, No Place to Run 1999, pp. Canadian scientists developed the Plan Position Indicator, still in use today. Kerry, A.J. Broadly speaking, the article explores topics and themes that fall under two general categories: combat operations (weapons, ammunition and communications) and logistics (transportation, infrastructure and service support). Soon after, most armies equipped their troops with respirators, limiting the tactical value of gas. The first patent for artificial fur arose out of Canadian work in developing improved Arctic clothing for the military. 104-105. 106-107; “Tramways, Canadian Corps, Summary,” 1917-18, Folder 20, File 3, Volume 4390, Series IIIC5, RG 9. Reliable battlefield communications eluded all armies during the First World War. The Canadian government organized the unit with cooperation from the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). Important contributions were made to the development and improvements in production of penicillin. is licensed under: CC by-NC-ND 3.0 Germany - Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivative Works. Within and beyond the Canadian Corps, specialist formations such as the Canadian Railway Troops and the Canadian Forestry Corps also made significant logistical contributions to the British Empire’s war effort, often using peacetime technological skills that were particular to pre-war Canada. Energy Pitchblende, a once obscure ore from which radioactive radium could be refined, became a strategic source of uranium during the Second World War. McNaughton’s work in scientific gunnery is an example from the combat arms but innovation was also a feature of Canadian logistics. There was also much debate surrounding the optimal tactics for armor. Evolving tactics and techniques shaped the role of artillery throughout the war. Canadian forestry expertise in France helped to reduce the volume of timber that was imported (from Britain or elsewhere) to meet British front-line requirements. The council had a broad mandate: it was to mobilize Canadian research agencies; to survey scientific and industrial research in Canada; to enhance the supply of labor and capital in support of scientific and technological development; and to expand Canada’s pool of research talent. Headquarters, Corps of Canadian Railway Troops, June 1918, Folder 2, File 1, Volume 4472, Series IIIC7, RG 9. World War II . Much of the research found civilian uses after the war and has helped shape today's modern world. Contemporary accounts suggest that British forestry units, in turn, adopted novel Canadian tools and techniques with resulting improvements in efficiency. This work stretched across virtually all British sectors at the front. While the new weapon made a significant moral impression, its tactical value was limited in the Canadian sector. Indeed, many of the radar personnel who worked on large British warships were Canadian. [22], Early in the war, British formations experimented with light railways in the forward area. Early on, Canada had established specialized electronics training initiatives to meet the need for skilled scientists and technicians that forward-thinking leaders realized the new technologically-oriented war would demand. The most popular weapons for land assault were machine gun and artillery, while gun mounted … These units included the 13th Light Railway Operating Company, 58th Broad Gauge Operating Company, 69th Wagon Erecting Company, 85th Engine Crew Company and twelve battalions of construction troops (broad and narrow gauge). As a result, our country produced a large number of people skilled in electronics during the war, people who helped meet the great need in Britain for electronics technicians. Moreover, through experience and experimentation, physicians in the Canadian Army Medical Corps developed new treatments and learned more generally about the effects of gas. The Canadians raised the 224th Forestry Battalion with an initial strength of 1,600 recruits from across the country. Marble, Sanders: British Artillery on the Western Front in the First World War, Farnham 2013, p. 89. World War II (1939–45) boosted research in science and technology through government funding. Distribute copies of the student worksheets on pages 10-11 before the videoconference begins. NAIT’s School of Applied Sciences and Technology offers degrees, 2-year diplomas and 1-year certificate programs to prepare learners for a wide range of in-demand careers in science and technology. Blood serum, in great demand to help the large number of people injured in the war, was made available as a result of work done by Dr. C.H. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/second-world-war-wwii The Canadian Anti-Acoustic Torpedo (CAT) gear was developed as a counter-measure to enemy acoustic torpedoes. Upon the outbreak of hostilities, many British and Canadian scientists who were then working in Canada left their posts to volunteer for military service. Canadian tools, equipment and machinery were quickly adapted to working conditions in British forests. When the 1st Canadian Division arrived in France in 1915, it had just eight wireless sets, too few to have a major effect on ground communications. It usually picks up snow on its way down, getting larger and larger, before inevitably running over someone. Research on night vision led to red lighting being adopted by the Royal Canadian Navy, the Royal Navy, and for some aircraft with the United States Navy. It led to new technologies that transformed American life after 1945. 35-36. [16] Not until April 1917 did the Canadian Corps artillery fire its first lethal gas shells during the Battle of Arras. While technological advancements were made prior to the war, other developments were a direct result of the trials and errors suffered during the war. [27] The two new units, the 1st and 2nd Tramway Companies, were formed in November 1917 and served for the duration of the war under Canadian Corps command. 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. “Memo on the War Situation,” 5-6, 15 August 1915, Folder 63, File 8, Volume 3919, Series IIIC1, RG 9. families, and caregivers and is provided at no cost. Canada ratified the Biological and The 1940s Science and Technology: Overview. Because of the booming economy, Canadians became more materialistic. ): Battles, battlefields and campaigns, Western Front, World War, 1914-1918--Technology ; World War, 1914-1918--Canada. Alone, they can exist in pure form, devoid of practical use for good or bad. More than one million Canadians and Newfoundlanders served in the military — more than 45,000 gave their lives and another 55,000 were wounded. On the other hand, the experience of chemical poisoning of front-line soldiers deepened their sense of hatred against the enemy. CWRO Historical Section Summary of Historical Records of Units, Volume 4788, Series, IIID1, RG 9. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. May 12, 2021 | New Research Shows COVID-19 Alters Gray Matter Volume in the Brain; May 12, 2021 | Genetic Risk of Heart Disease May Be Due to Low Omega 3-Linked Biomarker Found in Fish Oils; May 12, 2021 | Tracking Carbon From the Ocean Surface to the Dark “Twilight Zone”; May 12, 2021 | An Uncrackable Combination: Invisible … Carnegie, David: The History of Munitions Supply in Canada, 1914-1918, London 1925, pp. Pulsifer, Cameron: The Armored Autocar in Canadian Service, Ottawa 2007, p. 3. Six months later, there were 440 miles of track in operation with 3,882 locomotives, tractors and wagons. [4] The number of machine guns allotted to each division increased throughout the war and the superior Vickers and Lewis gradually supplanted the Colt. [13] In 1917, Canada provided somewhere between one quarter and one third of artillery ammunition fired by the British forces on the Western Front.[14]. Elements of the 1st Canadian Division were badly gassed at the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915 when the Germans employed chlorine in lethal concentrations for the first time. The Camera with the Canadian Forestry Corps in Great Britain (Canadian Y.M.C.A. New technologies … Virtually all of the volunteers were CPR men, including the commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Colin W.P. This text In return, the … Campbell, David: A Forgotten Victory: Courcelette, 15 September 1916, in: Canadian Military History 16/2 (2007), p. 39. After heated exchanges between Currie and higher British headquarters, the War Office authorized the Canadian Corps to add one narrow gauge operating company and one construction company to its establishment. Canadian forces went to war with Colt machine guns purchased in the United States. 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The Royal Commission on Espionage, headed by Supreme Court judges R.L economy based on natural resource extraction railway.

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